Whether the astronauts stuck on the malfunctioning Starliner spacecraft miss their home on Earth—or, are happy for some bonus weeks in space, one thing is certain: Extended time in this unique environment has significant physiological effects. The microgravity can cause muscle atrophy and blood redistribution that can affect cardiovascular function; the exposure to higher radiation and galactic rays can cause DNA damage and increased cancer risk.  Other concerns can include visual impairment, bone density loss, and more. The good news? Exercising onboard can help mitigate medical problems, and advances in biomedical research and technology continue to improve scientists’ understanding of the physiological and psychological challenges of space travel.

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